Evidence Based Practice Essay

Implementation of Evidence Based Practice Rosemary Garcia Implementation of Evidence Based Practice Evidence Based Practice Nursing is the utilization by nurses of Evidence Based Research findings that, according to Houser (2012), steer the nurse toward integration of clinical expert opinion and experience with an unbiased exhaustive review of the best scientific evidence professional nursing care literature can provide while incorporating patient values and preferences. Evidence Based Practice Nursing entails adopting a systematic critical thinking decision making process guided by a deliberate and defined chosen Evidence Based Nursing model path that involves searching, appraising, synthesizing, adapting, implementing, and continually evaluating the Evidence Based Research findings implemented. Among these models are the Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) project, the Stetler Model of Research Utilization, and the Iowa Model for Research in Practice. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of Evidence Based Research on nursing practice by defining Evidence Based Practice Nursing, directing attention to the importance of Evidence Based Research, briefly reviewing examples of qualitative and quantitative research and finally identifying some ways to overcome barriers that prevent nurse participation and utilization of Evidence Based Research. Importance of Evidence Based Research Evidence Based Research is important because it provides nurses with â€Å"actual knowledge of elements of practice that have been known to work† according to R. Simpson (2004). Evidence Based Practice Nursing is based on a disciplined methodological decision making process in which nurses continually ask for Evidence Based Research to support their actions and consistently weigh the validity and reliability of activities of each day. The Evidence Based Practice Nurse also plans for change according to Rosswurm and Larrabee (1999). Evidence Based Research findings come through  two proven methods, namely qualitative and quantitative research. Systematic reviews summarize and succinctly abstract findings from multiple studies and compile them into useable condensed formats for quicker study and review. A systematic review that includes a meta-analysis draws findings from multiple studies, recalculates the results to arrive at a new finding thus compounding its validity and re liability. The utilization of Evidence Based Research directly and positively improves nursing practice when the findings are implemented. Research Examples The following two examples of Evidence Based Research show how implementation impacts nursing practice. Nursing homes promote their quality of care using analyses and marketing strategies to influence public perception and attract business. How a nursing home addresses the phenomena of palliative care and the prevalence of pressure ulcers affects that perception. A nursing home may presume to have high quality of care because of high score on the Minimum Data Sheet (MDS) prevalence ulcer (PU) indicator and promote such a score. Similarly, how a nurse responds to a resident in palliative care also reflects on quality of care. Evidence Based Research of these two phenomena helps improve nursing practice in this arena. A nurse in a long term care facility that provides palliative care may be called upon to respond to a resident who may be struggling with issues of regret for life events and feel a need for forgiveness. A retrospective study by Ferrel, Otis-Green, Baird, and Garcia, (2013) through a convenience sample of 339 nurses attending palliative care educational courses throughout the U.S. and Belize, India, the Philippines and Romania sought to assess nurses’ responses to this issue. Since the purpose was to document the viewpoints and feelings, a descriptive qualitative research design using the phenomenology method was appropriate. The data was examined using content analysis and themes were identified. By focusing on nurses from a broad geographical base who were attending palliative care classes, the researches maximized the potential for gathering relevant data and enhanced transferability and validity through this convenience sample. They also minimized inherent cultural bias that could have potentially arisen if the sample had been solely from one country or region. The conclusion was that nurses would benefit from additional education regarding  how best to address these con cerns. Implementing these Evidence Based Research findings helps improve nursing practice. As noted earlier, the prevalence of pressure ulcers, their prevention and treatment is a common dilemma in a long term setting and nursing homes want to demonstrate success in this area as part of the quality of care. One method used to identify and monitor pressure ulcers is the Minimum Data Sheet (MDS) prevalence ulcer (PU) indicator. Bates-Jensen et al (2003) in a quantitative research descriptive study sought to determine whether the minimum data sheet pressure ulcer indicator of a high or low score reflected differences in processes related to pressure ulcer prevention and treatment. The convenience sample consisted of 321 residents from 16 different nursing homes. The resident had to be at risk for pressure ulcer development using the PU Residential Assessment Protocol of the MDS to meet the criteria for inclusion. This was a quantitative study designed to collect numerical data by measuring 16 care process quality indicators (10 related to PU care processes, five related to nutrition and one related to incontinence management) using medical record data, direct human observation, interviews and data from wireless thigh movement monitors. The statistical data results revealed that the MDS PU indicator was not a useful indicator of quality of care and could be misinterpreted if not explained. Family members who are considering long term care benefit from this research and in a facility that might have mistakenly interpreted the meaning of the MDS PU indicator, Evidence Based Practice Nursing would implement corrective measures regarding future use of the scores and thus bring about an improved change. Barriers Preventing Research Utilization Nursing improves when Evidence Based Research findings can be utilized and implemented by nurses in their daily practice. J. Dracup (2006) stated what some nurses had identified as barriers to Evidence Based Research, namely: â€Å"accessibility of research findings, anticipated outcomes of using research, organizational support to use research, and support from others to use research.† Dracup believed that â€Å"evidence-based practice must include an assessment of the available resources† since the cost of implementation is yet another barrier and â€Å"will not be adopted if resources are insufficient to incorporate them into the daily routine† nursing care. G. Mitchell  (1999) raised â€Å" the lack of sufficient meaningful research† as an additional barrier. A multidisciplinary effort by researchers and educators of all fields will be required to work toward the removal of these barriers. Collaborate to provide a more efficient system of information dissemination must take place. Systematic reviews, sometimes combined with meta-analysis, already advance the cause of having multiple sources of research data condensed to a useable quickly reviewable format. One possible way that nurses could gain access to Evidence Based Research through the Cochrane Library, for example, is by way of grants to school districts and local libraries allowing free or low cost subsidized access. After obtaining this access and recognizing nurses’ research time restraints, the formation of high school clubs like â€Å"Cochrane Library Scholars† would allow nurses to pose Research Questions to the club who would in turn compile relevant research articles for the nurse. Similar clubs could be â€Å"AHRQ Research Scholars† and â€Å"Campbell Library Scholars.† Since addressing the barrier of cost of Evidence Based Research implementation is equally important., to purposefully draw community leaders’ attention to the Evidence Based Research available at their local library, create a logo such as â€Å"LIBR[LIBRARY]ARY† with the slogan â€Å"A Library within A Library.† By raising awareness of the benefits of Evidence Based Research of public and private pivotal decision makers, these individuals could prove instrumental in helping to identify and acquire the resources needed to implement Evidence Based Research within their sphere of influence. By opening avenues to Evidence Based Research findings through local libraries, engaging students as researchers and raising community awareness, more nurses could gain knowledge that translates into Evidence Based Practice Nursing. Participants would be engaged in raising the quality of care within their own communities. Raising widespread awareness of the importance and value of Evidence Based Research could be the catalyst that propels groups to collectively seek resources for implementation of Evidence Based Practice in communities across the nation. Conclusion Evidence Based Research impacts Evidence Based Practice Nursing if it is utilized. A deliberate effort to promote the understanding of its importance combined with taking measures to remove barriers that prevent  nurses from using Evidence Based Research findings will impact, improve, and ensure the best possible nursing practice. References Bates-Jensen, B.M., Cadogan, M., Osterwell D., Levy-Storms L, Jorge, J., Alsamarrai, N., Grbic, V. & Schnelle, J.F. (2003) The Minimum Data Set Pressure Ulcer Indicator: Does It Reflect Differences in Care Processes Related to Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment in Nursing Homes? Journal of American Geriatric Society, 51(9). DOI: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51403.x Dracup, J. (2006). Evidence-Based Practice is Wonderful †¦ Sort Of, American Journal of Critical Care. 15(4) Ferrel, B., Otis-Green, S, Baird, R.P., & Garcia, A. (2013). Nurses’ Responses to Requests for Forgiveness at the End of Life. Journal of Pain System Management, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.05.009 Houser, J. (2012). Nursing Research: reading, using, and creating evidence. (2nd ed.). Salisbury, MA: Jones & Barlett Publishing Mitchell, G. (1999). Evidence-based practice: Critique and alternative view. Nursing Science Quarterly, 12(1), 30-35. Retsas A. (2000). Barriers to using research evidence in nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31:599-606. Rosswurm, M. A., & Larrabee, J. (1999). A model for change to evidence-based practice. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 31(4), 317-322. Implementation of Evidence Based Practice Rosemary Garcia Submitted to Karen Rhoades, MS, RN in partial fulfillment of NR460R Evidence Based Practice August 10, 2013 Implementation of Evidence Based Practice Evidence Based Practice Nursing is the utilization by nurses of Evidence Based Research findings that, according to Houser (2012), steer the nurse  toward integration of clinical expert opinion and experience with an unbiased exhaustive review of the best scientific evidence professional nursing care literature can provide while incorporating patient values and preferences. Evidence Based Practice Nursing entails adopting a systematic critical thinking decision making process guided by a deliberate and defined chosen Evidence Based Nursing model path that involves searching, appraising, synthesizing, adapting, implementing, and continually evaluating the Evidence Based Research findings implemented. Among these models are the Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) project, the Stetler Model of Research Utilization, and the Iowa Model for Research in Practice. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of Evidence Based Research on nursing practice by defining Evidence Based Practice Nursing, directing attention to the importance of Evidence Based Research, briefly reviewing examples of qualitative and quantitative research and finally identifying some ways to overcome barriers that prevent nurse participation and utilization of Evidence Based Research. Importance of Evidence Based Research Evidence Based Research is important because it provides nurses with â€Å"actual knowledge of elements of practice that have been known to work† according to R. Simpson (2004). Evidence Based Practice Nursing is based on a disciplined methodological decision making process in which nurses continually ask for Evidence Based Research to support their actions and consistently weigh the validity and reliability of activities of each day. The Evidence Based Practice Nurse also plans for change according to Rosswurm and Larrabee (1999). Evidence Based Research findings come through two proven methods, namely qualitative and quantitative research. Systematic reviews summarize and succinctly abstract findings from multiple studies and compile them into useable condensed formats for quicker study and review. A systematic review that includes a meta-analysis draws findings from multiple studies, recalculates the results to arrive at a new finding thus compounding its validity and reliability. The utilization of Evidence Based Research directly and positively improves nursing practice when the findings are implemented. Research Examples The following two examples of Evidence Based Research show how implementation impacts nursing practice. Nursing homes promote their quality of care using analyses and marketing strategies to influence public perception and attract business. How a nursing home addresses the phenomena of palliative care and the prevalence of pressure ulcers affects that perception. A nursing home may presume to have high quality of care because of high score on the Minimum Data Sheet (MDS) prevalence ulcer (PU) indicator and promote such a score. Similarly, how a nurse responds to a resident in palliative care also reflects on quality of care. Evidence Based Research of these two phenomena helps improve nursing practice in this arena. A nurse in a long term care facility that provides palliative care may be called upon to respond to a resident who may be struggling with issues of regret for life events and feel a need for forgiveness. A retrospective study by Ferrel, Otis-Green, Baird, and Garcia, (2013) through a convenience sample of 339 nurses attending palliative care educational courses throughout the U.S. and Belize, India, the Philippines and Romania sought to assess nurses’ responses to this issue. Since the purpose was to document the viewpoints and feelings, a descriptive qualitative research design using the phenomenology method was appropriate. The data was examined using content analysis and themes were identified. By focusing on nurses from a broad geographical base who were attending palliative care classes, the researches maximized the potential for gathering relevant data and enhanced transferability and validity through this convenience sample. They also minimized inherent cultural bias that could have potentially arisen if the sample had been solely from one country or region. The conclusion was that nurses would benefit from additional education regarding how best to address these concerns. Implementing these Evidence Based Research findings helps improve nursing practice. As noted earlier, the prevalence of pressure ulcers, their prevention and treatment is a common dilemma in a long term setting and nursing homes want to demonstrate success in this area as part of the quality of care. One method used to identify and monitor pressure ulcers is the Minimum Data Sheet (MDS) prevalence ulcer (PU) indicator. Bates-Jensen et al (2003) in a quantitative research descriptive study sought to determine whether the minimum data sheet pressure ulcer indicator of a high or low score reflected differences in  processes related to pressure ulcer prevention and treatment. The convenience sample consisted of 321 residents from 16 different nursing homes. The resident had to be at risk for pressure ulcer development using the PU Residential Assessment Protocol of the M DS to meet the criteria for inclusion. This was a quantitative study designed to collect numerical data by measuring 16 care process quality indicators (10 related to PU care processes, five related to nutrition and one related to incontinence management) using medical record data, direct human observation, interviews and data from wireless thigh movement monitors. The statistical data results revealed that the MDS PU indicator was not a useful indicator of quality of care and could be misinterpreted if not explained. Family members who are considering long term care benefit from this research and in a facility that might have mistakenly interpreted the meaning of the MDS PU indicator, Evidence Based Practice Nursing would implement corrective measures regarding future use of the scores and thus bring about an improved change. Barriers Preventing Research Utilization Nursing improves when Evidence Based Research findings can be utilized and implemented by nurses in their daily practice. J. Dracup (2006) stated what some nurses had identified as barriers to Evidence Based Research, namely: â€Å"accessibility of research findings, anticipated outcomes of using research, organizational support to use research, and support from others to use research.† Dracup believed that â€Å"evidence-based practice must include an assessment of the available resources† since the cost of implementation is yet another barrier and â€Å"will not be adopted if resources are insufficient to incorporate them into the daily routine† nursing care. G. Mitchell (1999) raised â€Å" the lack of sufficient meaningful research† as an additional barrier. A multidisciplinary effort by researchers and educators of all fields will be required to work toward the removal of these barriers. Collaborate to provide a more efficient system of information di ssemination must take place. Systematic reviews, sometimes combined with meta-analysis, already advance the cause of having multiple sources of research data condensed to a useable quickly reviewable format. One possible way that nurses could gain access to Evidence Based Research through the Cochrane Library, for example, is by way of grants to school districts and local  libraries allowing free or low cost subsidized access. After obtaining this access and recognizing nurses’ research time restraints, the formation of high school clubs like â€Å"Cochrane Library Scholars† would allow nurses to pose Research Questions to the club who would in turn compile relevant research articles for the nurse. Similar clubs could be â€Å"AHRQ Research Scholars† and â€Å"Campbell Library Scholars.† Since addressing the barrier of cost of Evidence Based Research implementation is equally important., to purposefully draw community leaders’ attention to the Evidence Based Research available at their local library, create a logo such as â€Å"LIBR[LIBRARY]ARY† with the slogan â€Å"A Library within A Library.† By raising awareness of the benefits of Evidence Based Research of public and private pivotal decision makers, these individuals could prove instrumental in helping to identify and acquire the resources needed to implement Evidence Based Research within their sphere of influence. By opening avenues to Evidence Based Research findings through local libraries, engaging students as researchers and raising community awareness, more nurses could gain knowledge that translates into Evidence Based Practice Nursing. Participants would be engaged in raising the quality of care within their own communities. Raising widespread awareness of the importance and value of Evidence Based Research could be the catalyst that propels groups to collectively seek resources for implementation of Evidence Based Practice in communities across the nation. Conclusion Evidence Based Research impacts Evidence Based Practice Nursing if it is utilized. A deliberate effort to promote the understanding of its importance combined with taking measures to remove barriers that prevent nurses from using Evidence Based Research findings will impact, improve, and ensure the best possible nursing practice. References Bates-Jensen, B.M., Cadogan, M., Osterwell D., Levy-Storms L, Jorge, J., Alsamarrai, N., Grbic, V. & Schnelle, J.F. (2003) The Minimum Data Set Pressure Ulcer Indicator: Does It Reflect Differences in Care Processes Related to Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment in Nursing Homes? Journal of American Geriatric Society, 51(9). DOI: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51403.x Dracup, J. (2006). Evidence-Based Practice is Wonderful †¦ Sort Of, American Journal of Critical Care. 15(4) Ferrel, B., Otis-Green, S, Baird, R.P., & Garcia, A. (2013). Nurses’ Responses to Requests for Forgiveness at the End of Life. Journal of Pain System Management, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.05.009 Houser, J. (2012). Nursing Research: reading, using, and creating evidence. (2nd ed.). Salisbury, MA: Jones & Barlett Publishing Mitchell, G. (1999). Evidence-based practice: Critique and alternative view. Nursing Science Quarterly, 12(1), 30-35. Retsas A. (2000). Barriers to using research evidence in nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31:599-606. Rosswurm, M. A., & Larrabee, J. (1999). A model for change to evidence-based practice. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 31(4), 317-322.

Loch Ness Monster

I have always been interested in mystery creatures such as the Sasquatch, Chupacabra, and Nessie or more universally called the Loch Ness Monster. Although there has been no official capture of one of these creatures, I believe there has to something to the mass sightings by people and the circumstantial evidence that is out there. My focus here is the Loch Ness monster. The Loch Ness Monster is a mythical creature that is said to inhabit Scotland's Loch Ness in Great Britain. In the following paragraphs I will discuss the mystery of Loch Ness and provide examples of some eye witness accounts. My exploration of this mystery is intended to at the very least open the reader's eyes to the possibility that the Loch Ness Monster does exist or at least it needs to be investigated further. Location of the Loch Ness Monster  The Loch Ness Monster or otherwise known as Nessie by the ancient Celts gets its name from its location in Scotland. It is located in the Great Glen in the Scottish highlands to be exact. The Great Glen in the Scottish highlands is a rift valley 60 miles long and contains three famous lochs, Lochy, Oich and Ness. The most famous of these lochs is Loch Ness because of the monster said to live in its deep waters. It is deeper than the North Sea and is very long and very, very narrow. The Scottish Highlands have long been home to mystery and belief in the supernatural. People of Scotland believe that the Loch Ness is home to Druid powers. The Celts of pre-Roman Britain also believed in a type of creature they called kelpies, water spirits that would appear to children in the forms of horses or bulls, enticing them into the water where they would drown them(â€Å"Loch Ness Monster†, 1998). Eyewitness accounts The earliest known sighting by humans that I could find documented was that in the written word â€Å"Life of St. Columba† by Adamnan and was written sometime in the 7th century. The story goes that the main character Columba saved the life of a the life of a Pict, who was being supposedly attacked by the monster. Columba repelled the monster with a cross. For centuries there have been reported sightings of the beast. Some of these accounts have the Loch Ness Monster seen on land. How credible the sources are can never be known, especially when these sightings happened so long ago. However in more modern times technology has aided in spreading the eyewitness accounts and given those sightings some legitimacy. An early purported sighting in modern times occurred July 22, 1933 when Mr. and Mrs. Spicer of London drove across a new road alongside Loch Ness. Their car nearly struck a huge, black creature with a long neck. They reported a â€Å"prehistoric animal† shambled across the road, slithered through the undergrowth and splashed in the Loch(Chorvinsky, n.d.). Perhaps the most famous purported sighting was in1934 by Colonel Robert Wilson a British surgeon, said that he noticed something moving in the water and took a picture of it. He happened to be urinating at the time, according to one version of what he shared later. The picture he took shows a creature with a long neck rising out of the water of the loch. â€Å"The Surgeon's Photo† as its formally known was distributed all over the world. For many years this photo was considered to be the best evidence that â€Å"Nessie† was real. It must be noted however that the photo Robert Wilson took and his eyewitness accou nt is now deemed as a hoax. Scientific Evidence There have been many eyewitness accounts, film footage, and sonar contacts of something strange in the Loch. That does not prove in the existence of Nessie but according to many Crypto zoologists this evidence shows that Nessie could exist and should be investigated until its existence is one hundred percent disproven. There is even an official scientific name for the creature â€Å"Nessiteras Rhombopteryx.†(Learning And Teaching In Scotland, n.d.). Some scientists believe that the Loch Ness monster could be a thought to be extinct marine reptile called a plesiosaur. This is plausible considering there have been many discoveries of thought to be extinct animals still very much alive. An example of a once thought to be extinct animal that is very much alive would be Coelacanth. Coelacanth fish were believed to have gone extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period some 65-plus million years ago. However in 1938, one was discovered off the east coast of South Africa near the mouth of the Chalumna River(â€Å"Lazarus species: 13 ’extinct’ animals found alive†, 2010). What should also be noted is that Loch Ness is not the only location where there are sightings of marine creatures. In many of the same geographical and topographical areas there are reports. These are usually in lakes and river systems that are deep, cold, and flow to the sea. Not only that they were all once home to migratory fish. Conclusion  Loch Ness is home to something strange and mysterious. I believe that there probably is something living in the loch that has yet to be discovered. I do not know whether it's a new species or some thought to be extinct species of marine animal that still exists. I think based on the evidence and the many sightings it cannot be disproven. Yes, there are skeptics as with any mystery, however, with all the accounts and circumstantial evidence there should be more investigation of Loch Ness. Only time will tell but I truly believe with better technology and more time the world will solve the mystery of the Loch Ness monster. That will be a great day in history. References http://www.strangemag.com/nessie.home.html http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Loch_Ness_Monster?oldid=946274

The Powerful, Just, and Insensitive Government - 1213 Words

The Powerful, Just, and Insensitive Government The civilized society is built my men and women who favor law and order, which serve as the infrastructure of a stable society. The strict interpretation and abidance of the established law may lead to punishments greater than the perpetrator deserves. On example in history is Hammurabi’s Code, which utilizes the law of retribution; part of Hammurabi’s law has been interpreted as â€Å"an eye for an eye; a tooth for a tooth†, in which the perpetrator will face the same consequence as his victim. Nowadays, lawful punishment became less radical, and certainly less extreme compared to the Code of Hammurabi. However, contemporary governments are very centralized, and citizens have collectively given the government power to rule, control, and regulate the citizens, criminal or not. By juxtaposing four New York Times articles, we will see the government sometimes regulate the freedom of individuals for the benefit of the public. The following paragraphs will summarize the four articles and establish a relationship between them. In the article written by Richard A. Oppel Jr., titled â€Å"Army General Apologize to Victims of Misconduct Before Being Sentenced,† the author explains the current ruling of Brigadier General Jeffery Sinclair, who has pleaded guilty of mistreating junior officers, adultery, and soliciting explicit pictures from female soldiers, among other lesser charges. The maximum prison sentence of the General’s crimes is 25 years;Show MoreRelatedThe Impact Of The Federal Trade Commission1049 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the news that President McKinley had died reached J. Pierpont Morgan, his response was, â€Å"’This is sad, sad, very sad news. It is very sad news, very sad’† (Gilmore and Sugrue 74). The powerful financier and banker of the Progressive Era counted on McKinley’s campaign manager to maintain a laissez-faire market in which he could continu e his railroad enterprises, namely the company he co-owned, Northern Securities, which was created to fight off competition and create a monopoly on nearly halfRead MoreAmerican History Quiz645 Words   |  3 PagesQ1. Assess both Patriot and British strengths and weaknesses when the Revolution began. How did the United States win the War against such a powerful adversary? Without the benefit of hindsight, one might be tempted to draw the conclusion that the American army was foolish to rebel against the British: the British army was the best trained, best equipped, and most professional army in the world. 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Analysis Of The Book The War I And Cold On The...

World War I, has been interpreted in a variety of mediums. One way is the novel by Maria Remarque All Quiet on the Western Front. In his novel Remarque’s describes the war as a horrifying experience, one in which soldier’s live in horrible conditions and are prone to fits of hysteria. A place where there is little glory to be had, and men do not understand what they are fighting for. These opinions contradict the description of the war presented by Ernst Jà ¼nger’s memoir Storm of Steel. The events that both Remarque’s characters encounter and Jà ¼nger’s describe are similar, both bringing attention to the troubles of trench life. The effect artillery had on the battlefield as well as on the soldiers. The pair of author’s separately describe†¦show more content†¦For example, Remarque’s was not like the character in the book that signed up with his friends. He had written the novel ten years after the end of the war, meanin g that there is a chance that he was influenced by the political state of Germany in nineteen-twenty-nine. The novel then can be understood as having views and information about the events of the war that came in the decade that followed it. An example of this is when artillery is being described. â€Å"After we have been in the dugouts for two hours our own shells begin to fall†¦.the barrels are worn out...† The knowledge of warn out barrels is unlikely to have been wide spread during the war. The information is likely to have been gained after the war. This novel demonstrates one individual’s perspective at the end of war in Germany. Which was that the war was a horrible experience that has caused serious physiological, physical and social damage. The book Storm of Steel is a memoir by Ernst Jà ¼nger, and although it is a firsthand account of the war it is not without its own bias. The memoir still relies on the memory of the writer. An example of this is when Jà ¼nger describes his belief of a poison gas attack that comes back at his line â€Å"Yet I felt sure†¦our command had not made a miscalculation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This reflects his bias even though it may be accurate about the events that happened

Internet Service Providers ( Isp ) - 1041 Words

Web Architecture Service Providers (ISP) A organisation who allow its subscribers access to the internet. ISP stands for Internet Service Provider and refers to companies who provide Internet services, including personal and business access to the Internet. For a monthly fee, the service provider commonly provides a software package, username, password and access phone number. Examples of Service providers are Sky, BT and Virgin. Web Hosting Services Web hosting is the business of housing, serving, and maintaining files for one or more Web sites. Web hosts are companies that provide space on a server owned or leased for use by clients whilst also providing internet connectivity. Domain Structures A domain name locates an organisation or†¦show more content†¦World Wide Web The World Wide Web are Internet servers that assist specially formatted documents. The documents are formatted in a mark-up language, HTML, which links to other documents, also to graphics, audio and video files. This means you can jump from one document to another simply by clicking on hot spots. Web Hardware Servers Web A Web server is a program that uses HTTP to serve the files that form Web pages to users, in response to their requests, which are forwarded by their computers HTTP clients. Mail A mail server is a computer within your network that works as your virtual post office. A mail server usually consists of a storage area where e-mail is stored for local users, a set of user definable rules which determine how the mail server should react to the destination of a specific message, a database of user accounts that the mail server recognizes and will deal with locally, and communications modules which are the components that actually handle the transfer of messages to and from other mail servers and email clients. Proxy A proxy server is computer that functions as an intermediary between a web browser and the Internet. Router A router is a complex device, which makes decisions about which of several possible paths should be used to transmit network data. It does this by using a routing protocol to learn about the network. It calculates (using routing

Living Story free essay sample

The development of Georgetown has attracted many tourists flocking here to scan the place. However, the increased new openings of shop lots have given the town a new lease of life in addition to its tonnes of heritage buildings. By chance Wu Han Ren, Ru Zhi Xing and Lee Wu Xin talked about the town and what was missing from it. That brought 14 Living Story back to life, to showcase the day-to-day living of Old Georgetown. Since Ru and Lee have been working in Shanghai, China, they have to travel to various places regularly and have visited the fabled Xin Tian Di, a place that holds the historical and cultural legacies of the Chinese metropolis. The enclave also gave the duo an idea that Penang could actually become some place like that. Along the road in many tourist attractions in other countries, we would see stalls selling local delicacies and souvenirs which make the place all the more vibrant. We will write a custom essay sample on Living Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, tourists visiting Penang will only be greeted by rows of listless shophouses, warehouses and empty residences, many of which are uninhabited and locked. Living museum It was August 2009 when Wu, Ru and Lee decided to set up a living museum in town. They had looked at many different locations and finally decided on the shophouse beside Seh Tek Tong Cheah Kongsi on Armenian Street. The tenancy contract of the house was about to expire when we contacted the owner. We picked the house because it exuded the feelings of an old building. It has been found that the house could have been built in the 1850s and is at least 150 years old today! Wu said the house was formerly used to accommodate foreign workers. Despite its location in the heart of Old Georgetown, the house has never been put to proper use. Since the original house was quite shabby, they requested the owner to do some renovation and they later tore down the room partitions to make the old house more spacious. Day-to-day living The living museum is divided into three parts where the front part of ground floor is used for the sale of souvenirs, day-to-day items and handcrafts. The rear part of the house has been specifically designed for the display of artistic exhibits. Since old houses in Penang were designed largely in Chinese style and in particular Shanghainese style, many Shanghainese memorabilia could still be found in these houses. Wu hopes to recreate the first floor of the house into a museum showcasing the day-to-day living of Old Penang by next year so that tourists could get a better understanding of life in Old Penang. In order to promote reuse and recycling, all the furniture inside the house have either been donated by people or picked up by them. Wu admitted that local tourists are not too keen to buy the souvenirs and handicrafts as they are more interested in the furnishings and designs of the building. On the contrary, foreigners are more avid in buying the souvenirs. I hope more people will harness the advantages of Georgetown to open more unique shops to promote the local cultural heritage at the same time luring more tourists here. Shop Briefly Menu Penang Buses Ticket 70’s~80’s, exhibit in 14 Living Story Taishogoto (Japan) /Bulbul Tarang (India) The taishogoto or Nagoya harp, is a Japanese stringed musical instrument. The name derives from the Taisho period (1912–1926) when the instrument first appeared. It has also become naturalized in East Africa, often under the name Taishokoto. The taishogoto consists of a long, hollow box with strings running its length. Above the strings are a span of numbered typewriter-like keys, which when depressed fret or shorten the strings to raise their pitch. It is played lengthwise and strummed. There are also electrified versions of the instrument. The taishogoto bears a close resemblance to the Bulbul Tarang from India, and the Akkordolia from Germany, all sharing the same principle of using keys to press down on strings to change their pitch. Handmade Passport Cover Handmade Curtain (only 6 pieces) Handmade Table Mat Penang Marriage Certificate from 1940 Penang Lottery Tickets 70’s~80’s

The position of women in two of Shakespeare’s Plays an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

The position of women in two of Shakespeare’s Plays The position of women in two of Shakespeares Plays `As You Like It` and `Merchant of Venice` Need essay sample on "The position of women in two of Shakespeares Plays" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed We found that women in these works of Shakespeare, on the whole, are winning and charming. They occupy a dominant position in the action of the play and are almost always in the forefront. Ruskins remark is amply justified in respect of these two works of Shakespeare as well as for his other comedies: Shakespeare has no heroes, but only heroines.(56) It is certainly not justified for his tragedies and histories. This sort of dominance of women is nearly absent in Shakespeares histories and tragedies. The tragic heroines are helpless, pathetic figures, and play comparatively low profile roles as compared to the towering personality of the hero: Ophelia, Desdemona and Cordelia are all helpless, pathetic figures. The heroines of these two works of Shakespeare, on the other hand, are bright, sparkling, beautiful and witty and hold the central stage in the action of the play. Despite this beautiful characterization, Shakespeare is influenced by the cultural tradition of the male-dominant Elizabethan society in the portrayal of Portia, Rosalind, Celia etc. Undergraduates Very Often Tell Us:I'm not in the mood to write my essay. Because I don't have the timeEssay writer professionals suggest: If You Think About Someone To Write Your Paper - Essaylab The Right Place!Custom Essay Writing Service Reviews Get Paid To Write Papers For Students Custom Essay Writing Service Custom Essay Writing Company Critics have called Portia, the heroine of Merchant of Venice, as one of the most perfectly developed female characters of Shakespeare. S. A. Brooke has called her, the queen of beauty. (234) She possesses physical beauty as well as the beauty of character. She is so beautiful that suitors come to woe her from distant lands, For the Four winds blow in from every coast, / Renowned suitors like so many Jasons in search of the Golden Fleece. Shakespeare has endowed Portia with nobility of soul and beauty of heart and mind, along with physical beauty. She is an ideal woman, the embodiment of the very essence of womanhood. She is dutiful, loving and self-effacing as a perfect woman should be. Despite all these qualities, Portia remains passive in the domestic and emotional domain. She has no identity of her own and all her domestic and amorous matters are directed by her father. His father endeavors to fashion the life and attitude of Portia according to his own wishes. He considers his desires as her desires and tries to tailor her approach by various means. She obeys the will of her dead father, and does not violate, even a little, any of the conditions of the lottery of the caskets. Though it is hard on her that she should have no freedom in the choice of her husband, yet, like a dutiful daughter, she obeys his wish and acts accordingly. She loves Bossanio, but still gives him no hint regarding the right casket. She loves him but her maidenly modesty prevents her from expressing that love frankly, she speaks hesitatingly, contradicts herself, and thus reveals her heart with all reserve and restraint becoming in a maiden. In this respect, her conduct is in sharp contrast with that of Jessica, and she shines much brighter as a result of this contrast. So Merchant of Venice is a manifestation of gender discrimination prevailing at that time. It clearly refer to sexism that is not only inclined toward male chauvinism but also a degraded social status of women in the contemporary society. All the major female characters of the play epitomize this gender discrimination and manifest female victimization. These characters represent different classes and illustrate that gender discrimination and maltreatment of women were not subjected to social class as it prevalent from rascals to royals. Despite this male chauvinism and conformity to Elizabethan social norms, the women in these plays of Shakespeare have been given clear-thinking minds. They are frank, impulsive and practical in their thoughts and behavior. Rosalind and Portia, though both of them are rich in witty and eloquent discourse, are frank and simple in thought. They are never deceived by their own eloquence and never forget the ends they have to achieve. Portia eloquence and and wit can be best demonstrated by these lines; The quality of mercy is not strain'd. /It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven/Upon the place beneath. It is twice blest: / It blesseth him that gives and him that takes. (Act IV Scene 1) When Antonios life has got to be saved, it is Portia who rises to the occasion, displays marvelous resourcefulness, energy, determination and practical ability, while her Lord and Master can do nothing but stand helpless and talk. She arranges all the necessary details with an almost masculine self-confidence and practical commonsense. She conducts the case with perfect ability and ease. All take her to be a clever lawyer. She leaves Shylock no loophole for escape and uses he trump card only when he has shown himself entirely merciless and brutal. She can hold her own against the cleaver Shylock unlike Ophelia who failed to understand the clever and disguised entreaties of her father for destroying her lover for Hamlet. We found that these heroines speak on the impulse of the moment, and simple unadorned truths come out of their sweat soft mouths. There is no Hamlet-like conflict within their souls they dont spend endless time in purposeless procrastinations. These heroines think, decide and take action. The intellectual ability of Portia has led critics, like Hazlitt, to accuse her of being unfeminine, masculine and pedantic. They point out that it is immodest and masculine on her part to appear in the court in mans clothing. She has the boldness to face the entire court full of strangers. This criticism is however unjustified. Her truly feminine nature is seen even in the trial scene. Only a true woman, with a deeply religious nature can make the famous, quality of mercy speech. This action of Portia speaks volumes of feminine self-sacrifice, and boldness in times of crisis. Jessica also plays an important role in the drama Merchant of Venice. She helps in the progress of story. But her role is in stark contrast to that of Portias. She is in a sense a foil to Portia. She is undutiful and treacherous towards her father, killed him by stabbing him on his back, while Portia is a dutiful daughter who obeys the wishes of her father to the very latter. In the conduct of her love affair, Jessica is bold and forward, indiscreet and unmaidenly. It is she who proposes the elopement, and arranges for it. Portias conduct towards Bossanio, on the other hand, is right and proper, such as is desirable in a maiden. Jessicas home was like a hell to her, where she is denied of all freedom and all pleasure. Life in such a home would be intolerable for any one, and so Jessica may be excused if she revolts and elopes with Lorenzo whom she truly loves. Of all the characters in Shakespeares As You Like It, Rosalind is the most elaborately and vividly drawn. She is one of Shakespeares most convincing and life like characters, and she dominates the whole play in which she figures. She is a vibrant and dynamic personality, pulsating with a zest for life. Her gaiety and playfulness are infectious; and her talk as well as her outlook upon life has an invigorating effect even upon the aged and the feeble to whom she imparts an illusion of youthfulness. Rosalind is not the type of the girls who is ready to accept the things lying down. She knows her rights and defends them with utmost power and energy. She spiritedly defends herself against Fredericks accusations. He banished Rosalind from her court and palace. Rosalind questions him for the reason. On listening Fredericks answer she replied spiritedly that her father was no traitor and that, in any case, treason is not something that sons and daughters inherit from their fathers. Rosalinds intervention in the Silvius-Phebe affair shows not only her wit but also the stern side of her temperament, and her capacity for admonishing others and administering a rebuke. This intervention shows also spirit of initiative. She feels so upset by Phebes callous attitude towards Silvius that she takes an initiative with the object of bringing about Silviuss union with Phebe. She tells Phebe that that she has no right to insult her wretched lover or to exult over his distress. She scolds Silvius for being too servile to Phebe. Her wit is apparent in these lines. You foolish shepherd, wherefore do you follow her/like foggy south puffing with wind and rain? You are a thousand times a properer man/than she a woman.Tis such fools as you/that makes the world full of ill-favourd children. Tis not her glass but you that flatters her, / and out of you she sees herself more proper/Than any of her lineaments can show her.(Act 3, Scene 5, Lines 49-56) Eventually, Rosalind does bring about Silviuss union with Phebe. This episode shows her spirited and confident nature that wants to help others. She plays important role in the life of others. Shakespeare has made Rosalind with a strong stuff. She has full control over her feelings. This is apparent from her love relationship with Orlando. The strength of her character is apparent from the fact that despite the intensity of her passion for Orlando, she does not betray her real identity to him and also keeps her feelings under proper control. A weaker woman would, after exchanging a few jokes, have given way to her passion and would have melted in her lovers arms. But Rosalind did not do that. And yet, when she learns a about Orlandos wound from Oliver and sees Orlandos blood-stained handkerchief, she swoons. In this situation we recall her words to Celia: Dost thou think, though I am caparisoned like a man, I have a doublet and hose in my disposition?(Act III, scene II, lines186-188). The importance of Celia in the play As You Like It cannot be denied. She is absolutely essential to the play. It is true that the main plot of the play would remain unaffected even if there were no Celia in the story. But, with Celia absent, the play would lose one of its greatest attractions. It is, indeed, a pleasure to meet a simple-minded, good hearted, and jovial person like Celia. Apart from that, Celia serves to offset the excellent qualities of Rosalind. Celia possesses all of Rosalinds good qualities, but in a lesser measure, so that Rosalind shines all the more by being in the company of a lesser light. Besides, Celia reinforces the theme of love at first sight. Celias presence enhances the interest and appeal of all those scenes in which she appears; and she is almost inseparable from Rosalind, as she had told her father. In the earlier scenes of the play, Celia adds to the dramatic effect when, for instance, she intervenes on Rosalinds behalf, or when she suggest the idea of running away from the court and leaving the city in disguise. Towards the close of the play, her love for Oliver introduces a new sub-plot so that the play becomes all the richer. So women characters in these plays are an epitome of traditional feminist expressions of the age that require chastity, compliance and acceptance of male dominancy from women. Additionally Shakespeare further induced a spirit of inpiduality in them by inculcating certain behavioural competencies and habitual formations in them i.e. intelligence, witticism, frankness and a passion to move ahead in life. Furthermore, women are portrayed with glowing colors and not negative terminology or abuses are attributed to them. Shakespeare's characterizations of females in these plays are paradoxical as it challenges as well as complements the contemporary social traditions and norms. References Ruskin, John. Sesame and Lilies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.1996. Brooke. Stopford A. Ten Plays of Shakespeare. London: Constable.1905. Shakespeare, William. As You Like It. Penguin: New York. 1996. Shakespeare, William. Merchant of Venice. Penguin: New York. 2002.